The problem of personal Identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal Identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the Identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal Identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal Identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal Identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal Identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal Identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of personal Identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of personal Identity.

Looking at the literature of Iran ’ s contemporary architecture, one can observe dissatisfaction with the existing situation in addition to acknowledging lack of Identity in the contemporary architecture of Iran. Some scholars believe that the reason for the problem is alienation of architecture and people, and express concerns about the lack of mutual understanding on both sides. Others consider the similarity between different cities of the country as the symptom of a common illness. Nowadays, having a common Identity-based architecture is a matter of national concern for the Iranian architecture society. However, almost no theory is available to provide answer for questions such as what is Identity, which elements and conditions are involved in its formation and what is the relationship between Identity and architecture.Using comparative method, this study reviews the literature on Identity and the procedure of its formation in a culture. Then, the analytical method is applied and four levels of culture-from subjective and abstract levels to objective and concrete ones- are distinguished. These levels are named paradigm, tradition, pattern, and cultural achievements. Furthermore, the role of architectural Patterns is accentuated as a means of creating Identity. Finally, the relation between architecture and the aforementioned levels as well as the role which can be played by them or is expected from them is discussed.

In a cultural approach, we can say globalization is the process of increasing intensity of time and space by which people in the world and as informed in the global world are integrated and have new information. This study with an Interpretive approach, applied qualitative methodology and ethnomethodology method and a deep interview was performed with 28 Youth aged 18-35 years from Tehran, 4 groups of youth subculture, document collection were performed in the everyday life and consumption-Identity models and relevant justifications were also evaluated by the experts. The collected data was achieved in the form of combined method ranging from subject coding, dialogue analysis, document analysis, qualitative content analysis and besides description of additional conditions, five general aspects, local (particularism) experience in the form of experience of rejecting global issue based on local sources and different types of global-universalism were evaluated based on four approaches of passive, eclectic, innovative and multiple with globalization issue.

Background: Proper formation of the couple's Identity is an essential condition for stability of a desirable marriage. Couple Identity is culture-dependent and can take many forms and have different consequences based on various factors such as the way the couples cooperate. Despite importance of this topic, research seldom has been conducted to identify couple Identity Patterns in Iranian culture. Aims: This study aimed to identify the couple Identity Patterns among women in Tehran. Methods: The current research was conducted with a qualitative approach using Glaser’s grounded theory method in Tehran (2022-2023). The sample included 16 married women in Tehran, who were selected through purposive sampling (theoretical type). The data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews, and then the data were and analyzed using Glaser’s method in three steps: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Results: In the present study, four Patterns of women's couple Identity were identified: cooperative, self-seeking-consoling, self-sacrificing and undeveloped Identity. Each of these Patterns are different from each other based on the characteristics of the following five axes: manifestation of the couple's personal Identity, communication space, supportive-emotional space, power sharing space, and consequences. Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrate that due to the balanced contribution of the relationship parties in the collaborative couple Identity pattern, this pattern can be considered the ideal relationship pattern as compared to the other Patterns. It is recommended that the findings of this study be made available to experts in the field in order that they can guide couples towards the desired marital Identity and improve the quality of marital relationships through education and therapy.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development Patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development Patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development Patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development Patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development Patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development Patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development Patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development Patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development Patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development Patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in Patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The current research was conducted with the aim of the effect of attachment style on emotion regulation with the mediating role of Identity style. The research method was descriptive and structural equation analysis. The statistical population of the research was all second year high school students of Kashan city in the academic year of 1400-1401, of which 500 people were selected by random cluster method. Data were collected based on three questionnaires: Gross & Jan (2003) Emotional Regulation Inventory, Identity Style Scale (6G-ISI) and Collins and Reid (1990) Attachment Style Questionnaire. The data are obtained by structural equation modeling and using Laserl 8.8 and 26 spss software. analyzed. Based on the results, secure attachment style at a significance level of 0.01, avoidant attachment style at a significance level of 0.05, and ambivalent attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 directly predicted emotion regulation. Among the three attachments, secure attachment style predicted emotion regulation at a significant level of 0.01, with the mediation of Identity styles. Informational Identity style at a significance level of 0.01, confused Identity style at a significance level of 0.05 directly predicted emotion regulation. Among the three attachments, only the secure attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 had a significant role in predicting the normative Identity style. According to the results of this study, emotion regulation is one of the most important constructs of educational psychology and an important factor in determining mental health and successful performance. It is in education that the factors affecting emotion regulation and its antecedents should be identified. Planning for training and holding educational workshops in this field in schools is suggested for students.

This article uses the theoretical model of ‘national socialization’ (Hau, 2009) and examines the association between national Identity and educational system. According to this theoretical model, national Identity is recognized as a enduring process such that various socialization mechanisms (particularly, educational system) play vital roles in shaping and internalizing national Identity. The comprehensive literature review in this article shows that educational systems throughout the world tend to represent ideal types of national Identity through schools’ educational resources, which are strongly affected by power relations and ideology. Using the method of content analysis, this study focuses on the school-textbooks of Iran in three educational levels including primary, intermediate, and high schools. The results of this analysis present research-based evidence to explain the main Patterns associated with the representation of national Identity through these educational resources.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of gender Identity on loyalty emphasizing on personal Identity, consumption Patterns, and Purchase decision making styles. This study is considered an applied research, and according to the method of gathering data is considered to be descriptive-survey research. The data of this research was gathered from a sample of 492 participants who were users of home appliances in city of Tehran through simple cluster sampling method. Questionnaires were used as data gathering tool. The data were analyzed by structural equation modeling via Lisrel software. The findings indicate that gender Identity affects brand loyalty, personal Identity, purchase decision making styles, and consumption Patterns. Also, loyalty is affected by personal Identity, purchase decision making styles, and consumption Patterns. Finally, personal Identity and consumption Patterns affect purchase decision making styles.

Despite the new versions of political Islam appearing in the West Asia, three discourse Patterns of political Islam can at least be identified, namely: the pattern of Shiite political Islam (revolutionary and transformational) with the Islamic Republic of Iran at the centre; the pattern of Salafi-Wahhabi political Islam (traditional conservative) led by Saudi Arabia; and the pattern of Ekhwani political Islam (civil pragmatist) in Egypt and Turkey. Because of the remarkable and efficient capabilities and characteristics shown by the mentioned-above countries in the West Asia, the regional security order will keep being influenced by the rivalry in these discourse identities. Based on the hypothesis in this article, due to the fundamental conflict that exists in norms, images, beliefs as well as the advent of the competitive and hegemonical nature of the discourses in the West Asia region, it faces a serious challenge to establish an optimal security order in the region. In this research, the idea of evolving the Identity of a regional discourse based on the Identity commonalities contained in the Islamic civilization has been offered as the nodal point of that discourse in order to establish a regional security order.